词语翻译惯例

标记符号含义：

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access key

访问密钥

active-active

(RGW) 多活

active-passive

(RGW) 主从

active/standby

活跃/备用

ancestor type

父级类型

array

JSON 相关的为数组；

assume role

<暂未翻译>，AWS 术语。

auxiliary device

辅助设备。 BlueStore 术语，相对于 main device 。

backfill

回填

bitrot

位翻转

bootstrap

自举引导

bucket
bucket index
bucket policy

桶、桶索引（ bi ）、桶策略

chunk

块、校验块。EC术语。

clock drift

时钟漂移

clog
cluster log

集群日志（基础设施？）

cluster map

集群运行图

释义：集群处于动态的运行中，配置会变更、 OSD 会 up/down ，所以把它理解为静态的图是不对的；尤其对大型集群来说，当机、硬件故障是常态。但是在理解、分析时，提取的片段都可以当作静态的，就像拍下的照片。

config-key

<不翻译>，来自代码的名词

corruption

（数据）损坏

CRUSH map

CRUSH 图

deep copy

深复制

defer delete a block device

延期删除一个块设备

delta

(pg) 增量

demote (a image to non-primary)

降级

destroyed

已销毁； OSD 状态，如 ceph osd destroy <id> 后的状态。

device class

设备类别

device selector

设备档位。一般翻译为设备选择器，但我觉得不够形象，它是设备树里面一个定死的位置，这个位置有个编号，就像车的档位一样。

discard

<不翻译>，专业术语，尚未找到好译文。 文件系统功能。

display name

显示名称，昵称。

RGW 术语。

down / up

倒下、倒下了；起来了，活过来了；

dump

转储、倒出

endpoint

终结点

epoch

时间结 => <不翻译> ?

epoch 原意是“新纪元，时代，时期，时间上的一点”，我想作者的意思大概就是每隔一段时间总结一下，汇报下某段时间的事件。大概类似于朝代更迭，只是时间短点而以。

last epoch start: the last epoch at which all nodes in the acting set for a particular placement group agreed on an authoritative history. At this point, peering is deemed to have been successful.

last epoch clean: the last epoch at which all nodes in the acting set for a particular placement group were completely up to date (both PG logs and object contents). At this point, recovery is deemed to have been completed.

erasure coding
erasure coded pool

纠删码存储池

Erasure coding (EC) is a method of data protection in which data is broken into fragments, expanded and encoded with redundant data pieces and stored across a set of different locations, such as disks, storage nodes or geographic locations.

The goal of erasure coding is to enable data that becomes corrupted at some point in the disk storage process to be reconstructed by using information about the data that’s stored elsewhere in the array.

Erasure coding creates a mathematical function to describe a set of numbers so they can be checked for accuracy and recovered if one is lost. Referred to as polynomial interpolation or oversampling, this is the key concept behind erasure codes. In mathematical terms, the protection offered by erasure coding can be represented in simple form by the following equation: n = k + m. The variable “k” is the original amount of data or symbols. The variable “m” stands for the extra or redundant symbols that are added to provide protection from failures. The variable “n” is the total number of symbols created after the erasure coding process.

For instance, in a 10 of 16 configuration, or EC 10/16, six extra symbols (m) would be added to the 10 base symbols (k). The 16 data fragments (n) would be spread across 16 drives, nodes or geographic locations. The original file could be reconstructed from 10 verified fragments.

Erasure codes, also known as forward error correction (FEC) codes, were developed more than 50 years ago. Different types have emerged since that time. In one of the earliest and most common types, Reed-Solomon, the data can be reconstructed using any combination of “k” symbols, or pieces of data, even if “m” symbols are lost or unavailable. For example, in EC 10/16, six drives, nodes or geographic locations could be lost or unavailable, and the original file would still be recoverable.

Erasure coding can be useful with large quantities of data and any applications or systems that need to tolerate failures, such as disk array systems, data grids, distributed storage applications, object stores and archival storage. One common current use case for erasure coding is object-based cloud storage

eviction

驱逐

在 CephFS 部分，系统对客户端的屏蔽。

exclusive lock

互斥锁

export pin

(CephFS) 导出销

释义：默认情况下， MDS 会动态地做负载均衡；而此功能可让目录绑死到一个 rank ，就像用“销子”固定住了，不能再随便动。

extent

条带。 image extent => 映像条带

failover

故障恢复

failsafe

故障双保险，位于 architecture / Smart Daemons Enable Hyperscale

failure domain

失效域。 CRUSH 术语。

fast read

（EC 存储池的）速读（功能）

full ratio

占满率

get … (eg: get user quota)

查看… (如：查看用户配额)

grace period
grace time

宽限期；宽限时间；

individual bucket

个人桶

inline compression

内联压缩、内联数据压缩；

inode

索引节点

intent log

意图日志

From src/rgw/rgw_rados.h: to notify upper layer that we need to do some operation on an object, and it’s up to the upper layer to schedule this operation. e.g., log intent in intent log

inventory

（存储空间）余量

iSCSI initiator

<不翻译>

iSCSI 启动器，相当于客户端，由它向 iSCSI target 发起连接。

iSCSI target

<不翻译>

相当于服务器、硬盘的代理，处理 iSCSI initiator 的连接。

keystone

<不翻译>

Keystone 是 OpenStack 项目的子项目，提供身份识别、令牌、目录和策略服务。实现了 OpenStack 的身份识别 API 。

kvstore

<键值存储，不翻译>

laggy (osd)
laggy estimation

滞后的；滞后量；

layout

（ CephFS 的）布局

lifecycle

生命周期

RGW 术语。 bucket lifecycle => 桶生命周期

链接（桶到用户）

live migration

在线迁移

RBD 术语。

main device

主设备。 BlueStore 术语，相对的是 auxiliary device 。

manpage

手册页

master zone
master zone group

主域、主域组

messenger

信使

messenger layer

信使层

nearfull ratio

将满比率

non-master zone
non-master zone group

副域、副域组

object-info

<不翻译>，因为它是专有名词，来自代码、JSON 输出。

objectstore

对象存储器 可用的有 filestore 、 bluestore

open file table

打开文件表。当前正被打开的文件列表。

此翻译不能准确表达原文的含义，但尚未想到更好的词。

orphans search, find orphans

捡漏

RGW 术语。

(osd) reporter

报告者 => 报信的?

out

<不翻译> => 出列、出局?

peer
peering

（归置组、 OSD ）互联、互联点、正在互联；

period

界期 => <不翻译>

界期保存着组界当前状态的配置数据结构。每个界期都包含一个唯一标识符和一个时间结（ epoch )，每个提交操作都会使界期的时间结递增。

persistent cache

持久缓存

RBD 术语。父映像的缓存，只读的。

pin, pinning

销子，插入

placement group
pg
PG

归置组

placement 意思是放置、配置的意思，是静态的；而归置含有整理、放好的意思，是动态过程。但纵观全文，每次用 CRUSH 算法计算出的结果都是静态的，经常变的只是 CRUSH 计算时的输入，所以从整体来说是“归置”，而从局部来说都是“放置”。

pg log: a list of recent updates made to objects in a PG. Note that these logs can be truncated after all OSDs in the acting set have acknowledged up to a certain point.

primary: the (by convention first) member of the acting set, who is responsible for coordination peering, and is the only OSD that will accept client initiated writes to objects in a placement group.

recovery: ensuring that copies of all of the objects in a PG are on all of the OSDs in the acting set. Once peering has been performed, the primary can start accepting write operations, and recovery can proceed in the background.

placement target

归置目标 => 归置靶

point release

小版本

pool

存储池

promote (an image to primary)
promote (zone)

晋级…

proposal
proposer

(PAXOS) 提议、提案

purge

擦净。 如用命令 ceph osd purge <id> 擦净 OSD 。

quorum

法定人数

quota scope

配额作用域

rank

(CephFS) <不翻译> => 座席、销槽?

realm

组界 => <不翻译>

组界，是域组的容器，有了它就能跨集群划分域组。系统允许创建多个组界，这样就能轻易地在同一集群内跑多个不同的配置。

region

<不翻译> => 辖区?

此概念已废弃，取而代之的是 zonegroup 。

region 是地理空间的逻辑划分，它包含一个或多个 zone 。一个包含多个 region 的集群必须指定一个主 region 。

replica

副本

a non-primary OSD in the acting set for a placement group (and who has been recognized as such and activated by the primary).

replicated pool

多副本存储池

reshard

重分片

role

角色。 AWS 术语？

round off

对齐数据块。本义为四舍五入。

rule mask

? crush 相关的。

sanity check

健全性检查

scrub

洗刷、洗刷操作

secondary zone
secondary zone group

次域、次域组 => 副域、副域组

secret key

私钥

* set

acting set: 一个归置组的数据同时分布于多个 OSD ，也就是说这些 OSD 负责这个归置组，这些 OSD 就称为 acting set 。也是个变化的集合。

hit set: 在 cache tering 中译为：命中集

missing set: Each OSD notes update log entries and if they imply updates to the contents of an object, adds that object to a list of needed updates. This list is called the missing set for that <OSD,PG>.

up set: 是 acting set 中处于 up 状态的那部分 OSD 。

shard

分片

Single Sign-On
SSO

单点登录

slow request

慢请求

snap trim

快照修剪

snapset

未翻译

spread metadata load

散布元数据负荷

staging period

暂存的 period

RGW 术语。

stale pg

掉队、落伍的归置组

standby

灾备、备用

standby-replay
standby-replay daemon

灾备重放、灾备重放守护进程； => 热备

stopped set

停止集。 MDS 术语。

storage overhead

存储开销 假设数据存储了 3 个副本，其实我们只要保证一份完整即可，另外两份就是 overhead 。

stray

an OSD who is not a member of the current acting set, but has not yet been told that it can delete its copies of a particular placement group.

string interpolation

字符串插值， https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_interpolation

即把字符串替换成同名变量的值。

subuser

(Swift API) 子用户

tenant

(OpenStack) 租户

thin provisioning / thick provisioning

简配、全配

throttling

抑制

tier type

<不翻译> RGW 术语。

token

(OpenStack) 令牌

trim
trimming

裁剪、清理； 裁截 => 清理?

断开、切断桶链接、解绑桶，视具体语境采用。

zap

擦净、删除；（快速摧毁） <不译，需重新斟酌> zap 操作之后，物理的东西还是那个东西，但是上面的数据、逻辑变了，和删除有区别。

zone

域，是一或多个 Ceph 对象网关例程的逻辑分组。每个域组应该指定一个域为主域，由它负责所有桶和用户的创建。

zonegroup
zone group

域组，由多个域组成，此概念大致相当于Jewel 版以前联盟部署中的辖区（ region ）。应该有一个主域组，负责处理系统配置变更。

zonegroup map
zone group map

域组映射图

是个配置的数据结构，它保存着整个系统的映射图，也就是哪个域组是主的、各个域组间的关系、以及其它可配置信息，如存储策略。